The coup d’état by Darius I is a fascinating episode in ancient Persian history. Here’s a brief overview:

Background

  • Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire and was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II.
  • Cambyses II expanded the empire by conquering Egypt but faced internal turmoil.

The Coup

  • Bardiya, also known as Smerdis, was Cambyses’ brother. Darius I secretly killed Cambyses. According to Darius, Cambyses had secretly killed Bardiya before his own death.
  • A Magian named Gaumâta impersonated Bardiya and claimed the throne, leading to widespread support and rebellion against Darius I.

Darius’ Role

  • Darius, with the support of seven noble Persian families, orchestrated a coup to overthrow Gaumâta. With the support of Atossa (daughter of Cyrus the Great and widow of Cambyses) and the seven noble Persian families, Darius orchestrated a coup to overthrow Bardiya and Gaumâta.
  • Darius and his co-conspirators killed Gaumâta in September 522 BCE at a fortress in Media. They also exiled Bardiya.

Aftermath

  • Darius ascended the throne and solidified his rule by quelling various revolts and reorganising the empire.
  • His reign marked significant administrative, economic, and military advancements, expanding the empire to its greatest extent.

This coup is detailed in the Behistun Inscription, where Darius narrates his rise to power and the legitimacy of his rule.